'causes of lumbar disc herniation'

A Transforaminal Nerve Root Block is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat pain caused by nerve root irritation or inflammation in the spine. It involves injecting medication (usually a steroid and anesthetic) into the area around a specific nerve root as it exits the spinal canal through the neural foramen (the opening on the side of the vertebra).

Spinal biopsy surgery is a procedure to collect a small sample of bone, disc, or soft tissue from the spine for diagnostic purposes. It helps identify infections, tumors, or other abnormalities when imaging alone is inconclusive.

Lumbar Microdiscectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed to remove part or all of a herniated or damaged disc with the help of a microscope or loupe, in the lower spine (lumbar region) that's pressing on a nerve root — often causing leg pain (sciatica), numbness, or weakness. It’s one of the most common and effective spine surgeries with typically excellent outcomes when done for the right reasons.

Thoracolumbar decompression surgery is performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerves in the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (lower back) regions. This pressure may result from spinal stenosis, trauma, tumors, disc herniations, infections, or deformities.

Spinal fracture surgery is performed to stabilize the spine, relieve spinal cord or nerve pressure, and restore alignment after a fracture of the vertebrae. These fractures can range from minor compression fractures to severe burst fractures, and may or may not involve spinal cord injury.

TLIF (Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion) and PLIF (Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion) surgeries — both are spinal fusion techniques used to treat lower back (lumbar) spine disorders, especially when spinal instability or nerve compression is present.

Cervical decompression surgery is a procedure designed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves in the cervical spine (the neck). It’s commonly performed to treat conditions that cause nerve or spinal cord compression, such as herniated discs, bone spurs, stenosis, or spinal tumors.

Posterior Cervical Fusion (PCF) Surgery is a procedure performed from the back of the neck (posterior approach) to stabilize and fuse two or more vertebrae in the cervical spine (neck). It's often used to treat spinal instability, deformity, or compression of nerves/spinal cord, especially when anterior surgery alone (like ACDF) isn't enough or appropriate.

ACDF Surgery — short for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion — is a common type of neck surgery used to treat degenerative disc disease, herniated discs, or cervical spinal cord compression in the neck (cervical spine).